Paramount Limited make agitator is suitable for thorough mixing. The agitator is provided with an impeller consisting of blades of enough area to give adequate agitation in the tank of given dimensions. The impeller is mounted on an overhung shaft. The shaft is fabricated out of the solid shaft and is driven by an electric motor, through a speed reducing gearbox. The gear can withstand high torque loads and even in extreme cases, there is no chance of gear breaking.

The drive is mounted on a mild steel fabricated base frame. The electric motor is coupled with gearbox by flexible cast iron (love-joy) coupling. The agitator is also coupled with gearbox through a cast iron rigid coupling.

The impeller creates a flow pattern in the system, causing the liquid to circulate through the tank and return eventually to the impeller.

The following types of impellers are made.

1	Propeller Type
2	Turbine Type
3	Paddle type

Paramount Limited make agitator is suitable for thorough mixing. The agitator is provided with an impeller consisting of blades of enough area to give adequate agitation in the tank of given dimensions. The impeller is mounted on an overhung shaft. The shaft is fabricated out of the solid shaft and is driven by an electric motor, through a speed reducing gearbox. The gear can withstand high torque loads and even in extreme cases, there is no chance of gear breaking.

The drive is mounted on a mild steel fabricated base frame. The electric motor is coupled with gearbox by flexible cast iron (love-joy) coupling. The agitator is also coupled with gearbox through a cast iron rigid coupling.

The impeller creates a flow pattern in the system, causing the liquid to circulate through the tank and return eventually to the impeller.

The following types of impellers are made.

1	Propeller Type
2	Turbine Type
3	Paddle type

Paramount Limited make agitator is suitable for thorough mixing. The agitator is provided with an impeller consisting of blades of enough area to give adequate agitation in the tank of given dimensions. The impeller is mounted on an overhung shaft. The shaft is fabricated out of the solid shaft and is driven by an electric motor, through a speed reducing gearbox. The gear can withstand high torque loads and even in extreme cases, there is no chance of gear breaking.

The drive is mounted on a mild steel fabricated base frame. The electric motor is coupled with gearbox by flexible cast iron (love-joy) coupling. The agitator is also coupled with gearbox through a cast iron rigid coupling.

The impeller creates a flow pattern in the system, causing the liquid to circulate through the tank and return eventually to the impeller.

The following types of impellers are made.

1	Propeller Type
2	Turbine Type
3	Paddle type

Lime slaker classifier is commonly used equipment in chemical plant for producing milk of lime.

The making of milk of lime is technically called as the Slaking Process. The slaking of lime is basically the hydration reaction of lime (CaO) to Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). The hydration of lime is an exothermic reaction and hence generates heat. A rapid hydration would result in excessive heat generation. As hydrated lime is immiscible in water, the milk of lime is usually kept suspended in the slurry by agitation. The particle size of hydrated lime in the slurry is greatly affected by heat generated during the slaking process and the shear force on the particle by agitation. Excessive heat generation and agitation cause decripitation of the slaked lime and result in difficulties in the processes involving slaked lime. Hence, the process conditions involving the production of milk of lime have to be controlled reliably within fairly tight specifications.

Paramount Limited make Lime slaker classifier takes care all the practical requirements of milk of lime plant, i.e, feeding, slaking and classifying processes to produce consistent quality milk of lime. Feed lime (CaO) is fed to the slaking compartment by a variable screw or belt arrangement. The slaker utilises a turbine type agitator. The tank is typically made of cylindrical construction if the capacity involved is large or of square construction for smaller capacities. The solid concentration in the Milk of lime slurry is normally maintained between 10 and 20%.

The slaker is connected to the classifier tank by a liquor and a froth opening. The gritty impurities in commercial lime are separated through an internal raking mechanism ensuring that the milk of lime produced is free from suspended impurities. The accepted milk of lime overflows the classifier compartment and is transferred (usually) by gravity to a storage/ causticizing tank. Grit and unburned cores pass out of the bottom of the classifier up the inclined sloping bottom of the classifier tank by the drag mechanism and discharged over the top of the ramp.

Special features and advantages of “Paramount” make Lime Slaker Classifier:

• Smaller Floor area: A single unit replaces conventional multi-units, occupying smaller floor area, for a given feed rate.
• Reduced Investment: The capital investment is much lesser than that of conventional separate drum slaker and rake slaker classifier units with similar capacity.
• Minimum retention time in the slaker for optimal and economical sizing.
• The slaker tank is closed and provided with suitable vent arrangement. This arrangement provides safe working area as it channels out the hot vapour through the vent pipe as against the regular open top slakers.
• Specially designed baffles are provided to deflect the slurry stream to the classifier bottom and to avoid short circuiting of grits to lime slurry stream to storage/ causticizing tanks.
• Axial flow turbines are equipped with stabilizing fins to minimize shear of lime particles due to vortex and eddies.
• Variable screw feeder help in optimizing the slurry concentration.

Paramount Designs and fabricates baffle type Inline Static Mixer to achieve complete mixing of dosing chemicals with effluent/water.

The Static Mixers are fitted with piping and do not require any additional support structure.

The Static Mixer fabricated by Paramount are designed to have low pressure drop & have no moving parts.

Paramount make Conventional Tank Flocculators use slow speed paddle type mixers mounted on a steel or cement concrete tank to effectively mix flocculant with the effluent.

The flocculator speeds are designed to provide an adequate effect on settling or rising properties of the solids in effluent/ water. The inbuilt behaviour for less efficient settling or rising properties of colloidal solids with the flocculating agents is compensated by providing adequate short circuiting or back mixing in the Flocculation tank. Back mixing is taken care of by providing an adequate residence time in the flocculation tank. The residence times are normally three to five times higher than the pipe flocculators.

The flocculator speeds are designed to provide an adequate effect on settling or rising properties of the solids in effluent/ water. The inbuilt behaviour for less efficient settling or rising properties of colloidal solids with the flocculating agents is compensated by providing adequate short circuiting or back mixing in the Flocculation tank. Back mixing is taken care of by providing an adequate residence time in the flocculation tank. The residence times are normally three to five times higher than the pipe flocculators.

Coiled Pipe Flocculator in conjunction with a Tilted plate Flotator is widely used for removal of emulsified oil, suspended solids etc., present in waste water. Alum and polyelectrolyte are added for floc formation.

Unlike conventional tank flocculators, coiled pipe flocculator is of the plug flow reactor type. The required mixing capacity is obtained by energy exchange due to turbulence.

The coiled pipe flocculator is a novel concept, which facilitates accelerated flocculation with flocs having extremely low variation in size distribution, shape and structure. This phenomenon strongly improves settling or rising characteristics, thus having a favorable effect on the subsequent flotation or sedimentation process.

In conventional flocculators, the settling or rising properties are effects of short-circuiting flows and back mixing, three to five times longer residence time is often required. The pipe flocculator circumvents these problems and results in accelerated flocculation with the extremely flocculated particle. The residence time in the pipe flocculator is normally under half a minute. Thus, the strongly improved settling or rising characteristics have a favorable effect on the subsequent flotation or sedimentation process.

The pipe flocculator offers the following advantages.

•	The dosage of polyelectrolyte can be very precise and controlled
•	The residence time is negligible resulting in very short reaction and mixing time
•	No rotating equipment, like in conventional flocculator

 

The above advantages provide a substantial impact on the economics in terms of space, power, and chemical agents.

The effluent flows through the flocculator pipes, where at predetermined points, the coagulant and flocculant can be injected.

The optimum length of each section of pipe flocculator is calculated for every individual application to decide the precise location of injection points for various coagulants and flocculants. The coagulant is injected at the entry section of the pipe flocculator where plug flow condition exists. It is dosed through a mixing flange where total mixing is achieved in less than 0.5 sec, by maintaining a very high turbulence value. The injection of coagulants and flocculants at exactly predetermined points on pipe flocculator provides optimum reaction adjustments and offer gradual built up of flocs along the total length of pipe flocculator.

If pipe flocculators are installed with a flotator, air saturated water (recirculating treated water) from the outlet side of the flotator is mixed at the fag end of the flocculator, the flow receives air-saturated water.

The conglomerates are subsequently separated in the TPF (Tilted Plate Flotator).

Particular care is taken for the design of mixing nozzles for coagulants / flocculants to ensure its complete mixing in the liquid phase.

Clarifiers are extensively used to remove settled solids through the centrally located solids pocket in both primary and secondary treatment.

Primary clarifiers are used in the primary treatment section wherein the removal of suspended solids, heavy metallic sludge as in metal/ mineral benefaction units etc is the primary concern. Secondary clarifiers are installed in bio sludge separation units and are not provided with scum separators.

Paramount Limited makes clarifier mechanism which is suitable for installation either in RCC/ Steel tank. The recommended slope is 1:12 at the bottom of the clarifier tank for efficient removal of sludge. The sludge is scrapped from the bottom of the tank by rotating scrapper arm. Primary clarifiers are inbuilt with floating scum separation box and skimmers. The skimmers gently skim the liquid to surface attached to a rotating skimmer arm.

The following models are available.

1	Central driven, bridge supported mechanism
2	Cage driven (Type C) clarifier mechanism
3	Peripheral driven clarifier mechanism

 

A proprietary drive unit comprising of primary internal spur gear connected to the secondary standard worms and worm reduction gear box by means of sprocket and chain arrangement. The standard gearbox is connected directly to the motor mounted on a mild steel fabricated base frame.
2 A super structure comprising of steel structural bridge spanning up to half the diameter of the tank. The bridge is driven at the centre by a motor and gear box. The bridge is provided with chequered plate/ steel grating. Mild steel hand railing and trolley with steel tyred wheel/ traction wheel on rails. The full bridge can be provided on request.
3 The feed is let into the sludge thickener feed well through a hollow centre column or feed pipe at the top. The clarified water is collected through peripheral launder & settled sludge through the centre of the tank.
4 Feed well of suitable diameter is fixed to the bridge to introduce feed into the sludge thickener tank.
5 The drive unit rotates the structural steel cage to which two rake arms are connected which rake the bottom of the tank twice per revolution. The rake arms are also provided with vertical pickets at an equal distance for better sludge compaction.
6 The bottom of structural steel cage rests on guide bearing fixed to the tank cone. Suitable cone scrappers are included in our supply.
7 Necessary weir plates along with fixing bolts to be fixed to the outlet launder can be provided on request.
8 Immersed parts can be provided with lining in rubber/ FRP
9 Floating scum scrapper with scum box & high torque switch or torque switch with lifting mechanism can also be provided.

Tilted / Corrugated plate Interceptors are gravity separators which utilize the difference in specific gravity between two phases of liquid (predominantly for removal of free oil in water) as the principle of separation. The high surface area for separation is provided by a lamellar arrangement of plates which also reduces the plot space requirement.

Paramount Limited designs & constructs Tilted / Corrugated plate Interceptors with technology acquired from M/s. PWT, Holland.

 

Other Products:
  • API separators
  • CPI ( Corrugated Plate Interceptor) Separator
  • CPF (Corrugated plate flotator)
  • DAF (Dissolved Air Flotator)
  • TPF (Tilted Plate Flotator)

Rapid gravity sand filters are normally employed in large raw water treatment plants wherein utilization of pressure sand filters become uneconomical from the point of view of the requirement of large plot areas due to limitation posed by sizes of sand filter vessels.

Rapid gravity sand filters are predominantly RCC constructions having multiple filter beds complete with internal piping, filter water collection channel, under drainage system, gravel media to support the sand media. Isolation of each filter bay is possible and a manual isolation gate is provided for this purpose.

The water flows from top to bottom through the filter and through the sand media with filtered water exiting from the bottom of the bed and collected in filtered box through a pipe. Filtered water (treated water) from filtered box flows to the filtered water reservoir by gravity.

Backwash water tank is normally provided above the filter house. The required quantity of filtered water will be taken for backwashing the filter bed unit from the backwash tank. The backwash storage tank is periodically filled using backwash water pumps. The operation of backwash water pumps is automated with the level in the back wash water tank.

Dirty Backwash water from the filter is routed by gravity to the Effluent collection sump. Dirty backwash water from the effluent collection sump is normally pumped back to the Stilling chamber/ Raw water reservoir by Effluent Disposal pumps for re-treatment.

Rapid gravity sand filters are provided with spare filter cell to facilitate back washing operations.

Air scouring blowers are provided to improve the cleaning of the filter bed during the filter back wash sequence.

Pressure sand filters / Multi Media Filter are used to filters the water to remove the turbidity & suspended solids in water.

Pressure sand filters / Multi Media Filter have commonly employed filtration units and largely found in the following sectors.

•	Secondary filtration treatment in Raw water treatment unit
•	Post biological treatment and/ or secondary clarifier in Effluent treatment units
•	Pre-treatment of water in a De-mineralization water plant
•	Pre-treatment step to tertiary treatment of water like Ultra filtration or Reverse Osmosis unit.

 

Pressure sand filters / Multi Media Filter are of steel construction with the system operating on the feed water pumping pressure. Filters are designed based on specific volumetric flow rate per unit cross sectional filtration area. Multiple sand filter vessels are installed to augment the treatment to the required capacity from a logistic point of view. The filter is complete with inlet distributors, bottom collector/ outlet pipe, vent arrangement, water inlet and outlet nozzles, drain and a pressure safety valve for vessel safety. The filter bed is made of selected layers of sand of various grain sizes.

The sand / multi media filter bed can either be supported by a bed plate with nozzle arrangement or simply filled over a support gravel media. Both models are provided and the selection is done on client’s requirement. Ergonomically designed nozzles of poly propylene nozzles are selected and arranged in a specific fashion for equal distribution and at low pressure drops across the filter nozzles for sand filters having bed plate support arrangement.

Multi layered gravel with different sizes are used as support media where the sand filters are designed with header–lateral arrangement. The water flow from the top inlet distributor, downwards through the filter bed & goes out from the bottom outlet .The filter pump is sized to have adequate head to discharge filtered water to the filtered water tank or further process units.

During the service cycle, the filter bed gets clogged with the inlet turbidity & suspended solids which increase the pressure drop across the filter bed. The sand bed also gets compacted during the continuous service cycle. Hence, it is necessary to periodically backwash the filter bed to remove the accumulated turbidity & suspended solids & also to loosen the filter bed. The frequency of backwash is dependent upon the inlet conditions.

The single media filters have the limitations to accept larger turbidity & suspended solids & clogs faster necessitating frequent backwash.

In such a situation dual media filters with sand at the bottom & layer of anthracite will extend the service cycle.

The backwashing of filters is done with the inlet water or with the filtered water. If it is to be done with the filtered water separate storage & backwash pumps of suitable capacity & head will be required.

To help effective backwashing air scouring is also used. The air scouring is done with low pressure air of 0.35 to 0.4 kg/cm²g & generally with 50 cum/m² flow rate.

Various air scouring methods are adopted. For example air scouring first & followed by water backwash, simultaneous air & water wash. In the case of simultaneous backwash with air separate air grid is provided at the bottom. The selection of media depends on outlet quality required. The filters can be designed for manual or auto operation. In the case of auto operation, PLC can be programmed for full automation with the provision of necessary instruments & control.

Multi Media Filters

Pressure sand filters are also referred as "Dual Media / Multimedia filters". They are used to filters the water to remove the turbidity & suspended solids in water. They have commonly employed filtration units and largely found in the following sectors.

1. Secondary filtration treatment in Raw water treatment unit
2. Post biological treatment and/ or secondary clarifier in Effluent treatment units
3. Pre-treatment of water in a De-mineralization water plant
4. Pre-treatment step to tertiary treatment of water like Ultra filtration or Reverse Osmosis unit

 

Dual Media sand filters are of steel construction with the system operating on the feed water pumping pressure.Filters are designed based on specific volumetric flow rate per unit cross sectional filtration area. Multiple sand filter vessels are installed to augment the treatment to the required capacity from a logistic point of view.The filter is complete with inlet distributors, bottom collector / outlet pipe, vent arrangement, water inlet and outlet nozzles, drain and a pressure safety valve for vessel safety.

The filter bed is made of selected layers of sand of various grain sizes. The sand filter bed can either be supported by a bed plate with nozzle arrangement or simply filled over a support gravel media. Both models are provided and the selection is done on client’s requirement. Ergonomically designed nozzles of poly propylene nozzles are selected and arranged in a specific fashion for equal distribution and at low pressure drops across the filter nozzles for sand filters having bed plate support arrangement.

Multi layered gravel with different sizes are used as support media where the sand filters are designed with header–lateral arrangement.The water flow from the top inlet distributor, downwards through the filter bed & goes out from the bottom outlet .The filter pump is sized to have adequate head to discharge filtered water to the filtered water tank or further process units.

During the service cycle, the filter bed gets clogged with the inlet turbidity & suspended solids which increase the pressure drop across the filter bed. The sand bed also gets compacted during the continuous service cycle. Hence, it is necessary to periodically backwash the filter bed to remove the accumulated turbidity & suspended solids & also to loosen the filter bed. The frequency of backwash is dependent upon the inlet conditions.

Activated carbon filters are used for different purposes as pre-treatment to various process needs.

The high adsorptive capacity of activated carbon enables it to remove the test, odour causing compounds & other traces of organics from the water. However, not all organic compounds are removed with the same degree of efficiency.

Granular Activated Carbon filters are very effective as a de-chlorination agent. Hence, it is adopted as a pre-treatment filter before the resin based / RO based treatment plants. GAC filters employed for organic removal are similar to pressure sand filters with generally similar design, filtration rates & backwashing arrangements, with the flow rate adjusted to suit the lower density of GAC. The GAC is placed in the filter over the support gravel. Media depth is a function of the empty bed contact time (EBCT). GAC characteristics will very according to the material from which it is made whether wood, coconut shell or peat.

The carbon has to be replaced when the break through occurs. Activated carbon filters are of steel construction with the system operating on the feed water pumping pressure.The water flow from the top to the bottom across the filter bed with the filtered water discharged from the bottom. The filter pump is sized to have adequate head to discharge filtered water to the filtered water tank or further process units.

The filter bed is periodically back washed to loosen the bed to expose the compacted area. Back wash water is sourced from the filtered water tank and pumped counter current to the filtration mode operation. Dirty Backwash water from the filter is routed for further treatment before recycling back to the system. Hot water backwash is adopted in some cases where the volatile are removed for extending the life of the carbon. Air scouring blowers are provided to improve the cleaning of the filter bed during the filter back wash sequence. Special care is taken for sizing of the filter internals and frontal piping to facilitate filtration and back washing.

Rotary Vacuum Drum filters are used as filtration of liquid/ effluent/ mother liquor of the solids. The vacuum created by Vaccum pumps are the driving force utilized in the filtration operation.

Rotary Vacuum drum filters are available in the following models.

1 Rotary Vacuum drum filters – Standard model (RVDF)
2 Rotary Vacuum drum Filters – Belt type (RVBF)

 

Our Standard Range / Capacity / Size: 3 ft to 12 ft diameter and with length varying from 3 ft to 20 ft on both models.

Salient features of Rotary Vacuum Drum Filters – Standard model (RVDF):

1 The rotary drum is divided into a number of self contained air tight cells, which are connected to ports in a trunnion that rotates against a static valve head.
2 The valve head is usually divided into three sections enabling the operation sequence of cake formation, cake drying, and cake discharge.
3 The outer surface of the drum is covered with natural or synthetic fiber filter cloths, gauze or other media dependant upon the material to be filtered.
4 The rotary drum supported at either end on lubricated trunnion bearings is driven by an electric motor through a variable speed worm reduction gear system. The speed of the drum rotation can thus be varied to suit optimum operating conditions. The drum is dipped in a slurry trough.
5 The trough is installed with an oscillating type agitator supported by self-aligning bearings and driven by an electric motor via a reduction gear to prevent settlement of the suspended slurry solids.
6 The filter cake is dislodged through a blade arrangement into the solid trough/ conveyor.

 

Salient features of Rotary Vacuum Drum Filters - Belt Type (RVBF):

1 The rotary drum is divided into a number of self contained air tight cells, which are connected to ports in a trunnion that rotates against a static valve head.
2 The valve head is usually divided into three sections enabling the operation sequence of cake formation, cake drying, and cake discharge.
3 The outer surface of the drum is covered with natural or synthetic fiber filter cloths, gauze or other media dependant upon the material to be filtered.
4 The rotary drum supported at either end on lubricated trunnion bearings is driven by an electric motor through a variable speed worm reduction gear system. The speed of the drum rotation can thus be varied to suit optimum operating conditions. The drum is dipped in a slurry trough.
5 The trough is installed with an oscillating type agitator supported by self-aligning bearings and driven by an electric motor via a reduction gear to prevent settlement of the suspended slurry solids.
6 The cake discharge is assisted by a sharper radius of curvature of cloth compared to that of the cake. At the discharge point, the flexing of the cloth tends to extrude cake lodged in the interstices of the cloth weave.
7. Air Purging also can be provided on request or as per process requirement.
8 Jet sprays are provided to scour off any particles of cake that may still adhere to the cloth.

Side Stream filtration is a term used generally for cooling tower filtration systems. where, a percentage of water is withdrawn from the cooling tower sump / circulating water pipe, filtered and put back into the sump. Generally, the side stream filters are designed to filter 3% to 5% volume of circulating water per hour on a continuous basis. or to provide a system volume turnover of 12 to 16 hour.

The circulating water picks up airborne debris & other solid contaminants in the process of recirculation, due to process leakages internal system corrosion etc. which are mainly suspended solids. In a closed loop system, the concentration increases necessitating frequent blowdown.

With the introduction of a side stream filters the frequency of blow down can be reduced.

The side stream filters can be designed as Auto Valve less Gravity Filters (AVGF) or as Pressure Sand Filters (PSF).

Typically in a power station cooling tower the suspended solids are reduced from 50 to 60 ppm to 5 ppm.

Paramount Limited supplies side stream filters of any capacity, tailor made, to the customer requirement on a turnkey basis with design supply erection & commissioning.

The side stream filters are designed in vertical or horizontal construction depending upon the capacity, for the convenience of transportation.

The largest filters we have so far done is for 400 cum/hr capacity each, horizontal filters with a diameter of 3.0 m & length of 11.2 m & the total system flow of 1600 cum/hr with four filters, with outlet solid concentration of 5 ppm.

Paramount designs, manufactures, deliver Walnut filter for removal of oil and grease in water. Paramount can deliver these in various capacities and sizes tailor made on a turnkey basis, or as package units depending on the size & logistics for any flow capacity. Paramount designs these plants in manual or semiautomatic made based on PLC or DCS operations.

Walnut filter shell filtration was developed as a higher performance method of filtering free oil and suspended solids in applications where sand and multi-media filter were traditionally used.

Today, Walnut shell filter is widely accepted for polishing of oily water in the upstream oil field, downstream refineries. After the filtration cycle for a period of time, the bed becomes loaded with dirt and contaminants and begins to lose its effectiveness as a filter. It will begin to clog preventing fluid from passing thorough the bed. Hence, the bed is periodically backwashed to remove the dirt and contaminations from the filter media.

Back washing of the media is done by simultaneously air scouring and water wash at high rates when most of the accumulated contaminants are carried out to the drain.Thorough agitation and good backwash is the key requirement for better performance and life the Walnut shell filter.

The filter can be operated manually or automated. These filters are useful in all fields of water injection or in other places where contaminated water need to be treated and reused / recycled or as a pretreatment to RO plants.

Paramount offers  high solid holding capacities and are used in particulate filtration and pre-filtration water to Reverse Osmosis, deionization & EDI system.

Cartridge filters have larger surface areas compared to other conventional filters like sand filter etc. This enables cartridge filters to operate for longer periods, as obstructions occur less with bigger filter surfaces. Cartridge filter systems also permit better water flow with minimum installation area. The filters are mainly made up of polyester , ceramic and carbon or some other material that can provide a superfine filtering surface.

SAND FILTER

Sand filters are used for water purification. There are two main types:

1. Gravity Sand Filters
2. Pressure Sand Filters

 

Both the methods are used extensively in the water treatment plants throughout the world. The both the type require the use of flocculant to work effectively.

They can be operated either with upward flowing fluids or downward flowing fluids the latter being much more usual. For downward flowing devices the fluid can flow under pressure or by gravity alone. Pressure sand bed filters tend to be used in industrial applications. Gravity sand filters are used in water purification especially drinking water.

PRESSURE SAND FILTER

The Gravity sand filters are known as Rapid sand filters. Smaller sand grains provide more surface area and therefore a higher decontamination of the inlet water, but it also requires more pumping energy to drive the fluid through the bed. The depth of the sand bed is recommended to be around 0.6-1.8 m. Normally these filters are designed at a maximum flow rate of 10-20 m3/m2/hr. Using the required throughput and the maximum flow rate, the required area of the bed can be calculated.

The main important point for design is to keep in mind is the distribution of fluid across the bed. Pressure sand filters are typically operated with a feed pressure of 2 to 5 bar. The build-up of particulate solids causes an increase in the pressure drop across the bed for a given flow rate. For a gravity bed when the pressure drop or flow is unacceptable the bed is back washed to remove the accumulated particles. For back wash water is pumped backward through the bed until it is fluidized and has expanded by up to about 28 to 30%. The range of back wash water flow is typically 3 to 10 m3/m2/hr and duration is 5-15minutes.

Paramount offers Pressure sand filters for both municipal and industrial water treatment for the removal of suspended solids. Pressure filters are installed after settling/clarification equipment. These filters are used in the pretreatment of ACF/DM/UF/RO systems to increase the life and efficiency of down the line installed systems.

Paramount design horizontal and vertical pressure vessels to meet various constraints of a customer such as water quality, footprint, back wash requirements and flow requirements. Vessels are designed for various pressure capacities.

Media options and arrangements are several and depend on the application and internal piping arrangement but often consist of a dual-media sand-and-anthracite arrangement (to minimize backwash frequency) above a gravel support bed.

Activated Carbon Filters :

Paramount offers activated carbon filters for removal of organic impurities, odor, colour  and free chlorine from water. ACF are also used in effluent treatment plants as polishing filters before disposal of the treated water to take care of left over COD.

These filters are used as pretreatment equipment to increase the life and efficiency of DM, UF and reverse osmosis plants.

These filters are mainly designed based on the contact time required for contaminant removal and media replacement frequency. These filters can be backwash based on the pressure drop across the bed.

Paramount designs, manufactures, deliver DM Water Plants for various applications including boiler feed water for high pressure boiler in the power station, with the quality standard required for the purpose.

Paramount can deliver these in various combinations for specific requirements, tailor made on a turnkey basis, or as package units depending on the size & logistics for any flow capacity. Paramount designs three plants in manual or semiautomatic made based on PLC or DCS operations.

The common configurations are shown below. The largest installation delivered by paramount is 600 m3/hr (4x150 m3/hr chains) having water quality of silica less than 10ppb and Conductivity of less than 0.1 micromole/cm.

Demineralization is the term used for removal of the Dissolved Salts from the Water. The source of water can mainly be classified into two groups.

• Surface water - Rivers, streams, ponds, lakes, reservoirs, etc.,
• Underground water - Open wells, tube wells, springs, etc.,

 

The salts leached out from the earth and the rocks get dissolves in the water. So the nature of salts and the contaminants in the water depends on the surroundings. For example, where the water flows through lime stone and gypsum rocks, the hardness will be high. Hardness is caused due to the presence of Calcium and Magnesium.

So every water is different in their salt content and the type of salt. The salts deposit on the surface of the container and acts as an insulator. Greater the temperature of the water greater is the problem. These deposits called “scales” are very hard and difficult to remove. When scales are formed it affects the heat transfer and at a certain stage the container is damaged.

Hence, the water requires to be treated before it is used for a particular purpose. Depending on the end use, various economical treatments are possible.

The salt content can be reduced to near zero (Trances) by proper selection of the process & method of Regeneration.

By adopting Counter current regeneration of cation Exchanger and Anion Exchanger, We can get superior quality of water at the outlet of Anion Exchanger and pass the Anion treated water through the Mixed Bed polisher. We can get the desired quality with Conductivity less than 0.1 Micromo / cm and Silica less than 0.01 ppm as SiO2.

The common configurations are shown below.

The largest installation delivered by paramount is 600 m3/hr (4x150 m3/hr chains) having water quality of silica less than 10 ppb and Conductivity of less than 0.1 micromole/cm.

Demineralization is the term used for removal of the Dissolved Salts from the Water.

The source of water can mainly be classified into two groups.

• Surface water - Rivers, streams, ponds, lakes, reservoirs, etc.,
• Underground water - Open wells, tube wells, springs, etc.,

The salts leached out from the earth and the rocks get dissolved in the water. So the nature of salts and the contaminants in the water depends on the surroundings. For example, where the water flows through lime stone and gypsum rocks, the hardness will be high. Hardness is caused due to the presence of Calcium and Magnesium.

So every water is different in their salt content and the type of salt. The salts deposit on the surface of the container and acts as an insulator. Greater the temperature of the water greater is the problem. These deposits called “scales” are very hard and difficult to remove. When scales are formed it affects the heat transfer and at a certain stage the container is damaged.

Hence, the water requires to be treated before it is used for a particular purpose. Depending on the end use, various economical treatments are possible.

The salt content can be reduced to near zero (Traces) by proper selection of the process & method of Regeneration.

By adopting Counter current regeneration of cation Exchanger and Anion Exchanger, We can get superior quality of water at the outlet of Anion Exchanger and pass the Anion treated water through the Mixed Bed polisher. We can get the desired quality with Conductivity less than 0.1 Micromo / cm and Silica less than 0.01 ppm as SiO2.

Other harmful effects of the hardness are the consumption of soap / alkali used in washing, dyeing, and similar applications in textile industries. Heavy consumption of soap will be there without satisfactory washing in laundry use.

Earlier methods of removing / reducing the hardness is by cold lime soda process, hot lime soda process, Sodium Zeolite process using a material such as green sand and carbonaceous material.

But after the advent of the synthetic Ion Exchange Resin, the use of the other processes have become unknown.

In this process of Ion Exchange Resin, the Calcium and Magnesium ions are replaced by Sodium ions.

The Resins are synthetic material in spherical bead form porous in structure and adsorb the ions.

For the Softening process, Cation Resin is used and the resin is regenerated with Sodium Chloride (NaCl), generally termed as Common Salt.

When the Sodium chloride is passed through the resins, the sodium ion is adsorbed by the resin. This process is called the process of regeneration.

When the water containing the hardness is passed through this regenerated resin the resin adsorbs the Calcium and Magnesium ions in the water and gives out the Sodium ions which it had adsorbed during the regeneration process. Thus, the water will have ions of sodium in place of Calcium and Magnesium. The water thus becomes Soft.

We, at PARAMOUNT LIMITED, design and supply softeners of various capacities starting from a few liters/hr to several hundred cubic meters/hr.

We have standard models of softeners available with short deliveries for capacities up to 30 m3/hr.

We design and supply Softeners to your specific requirements.

The condensate polishing units are also used in refineries and petrochemicals, fertilizer to polish the process condensate and surface condensate for reuse.

During the process, the condensate picks up contaminant like Iron, Copper, Oil, Silica etc., and needs to be treated by mixed bed polisher.

The condensate polisher typically consists of a heat exchanger activated carbon filter and mixed bed polisher. The heat exchanger is used to reduce the temperature to about 40º-50º C, due to the limitations of temperature for anion exchange resin. In some cases, a cation exchanger is also installed preceding the mixed bed exchanger. After the mixed bed polisher, the condensate is sent back for reuse.

Paramount has so far done large condensate polishing unit of 2x250 m3/hr.

The typical arrangement of a steam-stripping column is a column where the liquid feed is introduced at the top of the column while steam is introduced at the bottom of the column. The wastewater feed stream is heated and put in contact with steam in a packed or trayed tower.

The combined effects of the steam and heat cause organic material/ Hydrogen Sulphide to transfer from the liquid phase to the vapor phase. The steam-stripping tower utilizes trays or packing internals to facilitate contact between the contaminated water stream and the steam stream. The volatile organic material/ ammonia is then carried out with the vapor. As contacting proceeds down the column, the wastewater becomes leaner with organic material/ ammonia while the vapor phase becomes more enriched with organic material/ ammonia as it travels up the column.

In solvent/ hydro carbon strippers, the overhead organic vapor that comes off the top of the column is condensed and recovered. The recovered hydrocarbons are either treated with an incinerator or recycled back into the process. The treated water that comes off the bottom of the column can be recycled back into the plant’s water system. Steam stripping in wastewater service offers high VOC recovery (Greater than 99%). The treated water at the bottom of the column has very low contaminated concentrations.

In ammonia strippers, the overhead ammonia vapor that comes off the top of the column is condensed and recovered. The treated water that comes off the bottom of the column can be recycled back into the plant’s water system. Ammonia strippers are largely installed in a Nitrogen based fertilizer manufacturing (like urea, diammonium phosphate, etc) industry. The recovered ammonium hydroxide can be recycled back into the process.

Typical Steam Stripper applications are:

• Solvent recovery or removal (tetrahydrofuran, hexane, heptane)
• Benzene removal from wastewaters
• Sour water (H2S and NH3) stripping
• Phenol recovery
• Acetone removal/recovery from wastewaters
• Alcohol (ethanol, propanol, IPA, butanol) removal from water
• Oxygenate (MTBE, MEK) removal/recovery
• Removal of chloroform, bromoform and other halogenated organics from water
• Removal of various organics from quench waters
• Concentration and organics recovery from leachates

Paramount design, manufactures & develops Degasser for removal of alkalinity from feed water to boilers, as a de alkalize unit, and for post RO for removal of Carbon Dioxide.Paramount can deliver these as a package unit tailor made for any Capacity. The largest delivered so far by Paramount has a Capacity of 750 m3/hr.

Degasser in water treatment is referred to Decarbonator where the primary importance is to remove Carbon Dioxide from the water. They play an important role when Alkalinity is present in water. Water containing alkalinity causes deposits and blocks the tubes in the boiler.

It is placed after the Cation exchanger to mechanically remove the Carbon Dioxide. Water containing Bicarbonates when passed through the Cation Exchanger is converted to Carbonic Acid. The Carbonic Acid easily breaks into Water and Carbon Dioxide.

HCO3 = H2O + CO2

This CO2 can be mechanically removed by the Degasser by blowing air counter current to the water flow.

Degasser is a simple arrangement with a packed tower having plastic rachig rings / pall rings, which enables the water flowing down breaks into droplets due to the high surface area of the packing and releases the carbon dioxide. The air blown from the bottom carries away the carbon dioxide through the vent on the top of the degasser.

Microfiltration (MF) is a process which removes suspended & colloidal impurities from the liquid by passing it through a micro porous membrane, physically excluding particulate matter.

Microfiltration is a low-pressure cross-flow & dead end membrane process for separating colloidal and suspended particle. MF is used for fermentation both clarification and biomass clarification and recovery. Low pressure membranes were selected to remove turbidity and pathogens without chemical conditioning. Low pressure microfiltration membranes have become more popular & hence, it is being used for difficult waters, containing more solids, turbidity and higher levels of dissolved organics. Depending on the feed characteristics, some of these waters require chemical pretreatment such as pre-chlorination etc.

This technology is now being used for water treatment and wastewater treatment in the pretreatment of Zero Liquid Discharge system (ZLD).

Paramount Limited provides membrane system with pore size ranging from 0.04 micron to 3 microns. We manufacture skid mounted micro filtration membrane systems of all capacity. Paramount offers pilot plan trials to check the suitability of micro filtration membrane system for water, wastewater & process applications in all industries. All our systems are custom designed based on the design parameters and system requirements. One such installation has been for pigment industry where Paramount Limited provided the system with a flow of 1100 cubic meters per day as pretreatment to zero liquid discharge system.

Ultrafiltration works using hydrostatic pressure to force the liquid against a semi-permeable membrane, often utilizing cross-flow membrane filtration. Water and low molecular weight compounds come in permeate through the membrane, whilst suspended solids and high molecular weight compounds remain as a reject. UF membranes are typically classified by their ability to retain solutes of a specific size, with Molecular Weight Cut-Offs (MWCO) ranging from 100,000 daltons to 1500 daltons.

Ultrafiltration is used in a lot of applications in a different segment of industries like chemical, pharmaceutical, food, pretreatment of RO & wastewater treatment. UF can be used in process applications as well as in recycling of treated wastewater based on the feed parameters. Ultrafiltration (UF) is used to remove essentially all colloidal particles (0.01 to 1.0 microns) from water and some of the largest dissolved contaminants. The pore size in the UF membrane mainly determines the type and size of contaminants being removed.

A major attraction of UF is the ability to purify, separate, and concentrate target macromolecules in continuous systems.

Paramount Limited provides ultra filtration membrane system. We manufacture skid mounted ultra filtration membrane systems of all capacity. Paramount offers pilot plan trials to check the suitability of ultra filtration membrane system for water, wastewater & process applications in all industries. One such installation has been for pigment industry where Paramount Limited provided the system with a flow of 14,400 cubic meters per day as pretreatment to RO system for recycling of Cooling Tower Blow Down (CTBD) water.

Nanofiltration (NF), in concept and operation, is more or less similar to reverse osmosis (RO). The main difference is the percentage of removal of salts & its operating pressure. Nanofiltration (NF) allows the monovalent ions to pass through the membranes such as chlorides. Nanofiltration (NF) removes 40% to 90% of monovalent ions, depending on the material and manufacture of the membrane; whereas RO Membrane, at higher operating pressure, rejects all kind of salts between 95% to 99% depending on the type of salts.

Nanofiltration technology is a crossflow membrane filtration which rejects particles in the approximate size range of 1 nanometer. Nanofiltration (NF) falls between Ultrafiltration (UF) and Reverse Osmosis (RO) Membranes.

Organic molecules with molecular weights greater than 150 daltons are rejected in Nanofiltration (NF). Also, dissolved salts are rejected in the range of 20-98% depending on type and concentration of salts. Typical applications of Nanofiltration (NF) include removal of color, total organic carbon (TOC) & hardness from water. Also, the overall reduction of total dissolved solids (TDS) occurs within the process.

Nanofiltration (NF) is being used for separation of organic & inorganic mixtures. Nanofiltration membranes are also used for desalting or deashing application These membranes allows chlorides to pass through the membrane in permeate and product remain in the concentrate. Nanofiltration (NF) membranes are sometimes referred to as softening membranes due to their ability to reject calcium and magnesium. Nanofiltration (NF) membranes also remove sulphate from the water.

Paramount Limited provides Nanofiltration membrane system. We manufacture skid mounted Nanofiltration membrane systems of all capacity. Paramount offers pilot plan trials to check the suitability of Nanofiltration membrane system for water, wastewater & process applications in all industries. Paramount Limited has installed several Nanofiltration membrane system for Dye desalting & concentration. Using this technology, Paramount Limited has achieved Zero Liquid Discharge in distillery units. It was used for the treatment of spent wash at the outlet of biodigester having COD & BOD as high as 55,000 ppm 8,000 ppm respectively.

Reverse Osmosis Technology is the tightest possible membrane process in liquid separation. In most cases the membrane is designed to allow only water to pass through the membrane while rejecting the salts. This process requires high pressure at the high concentration side of the membrane, Normally the operating pressure range is 8-60 bar depends on the type of water like fresh, brackish & sea water.

The RO membrane acts as a barrier to all dissolved salts and inorganic molecules as well as organic molecules with a molecular weight greater than approximately 100 daltons. Rejection of dissolved salt is typically 95 to 99%.

Paramount Limited provide the most economical process for desalination of brackish water and sea water. The system allows further integration with pre & post treatment such as media filters clarifier, microfiltration (MF), Ultrafiltration (UF) in the pretreatment side and ultra-violet sterilizer and chlorination system, degasser & pH correction are the part of post treatment. However, there are numerous other applications in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industry, as well as in effluent water recycling applications.

Paramount Limited offers unique hydrophilic Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane system to produce recycle quality of water from wastewater, having high COD & BOD. Paramount offers pilot plan trials to check the suitability of Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane system for water, wastewater & process applications in all industries.

Using this technology, Paramount Limited has achieved Zero Liquid Discharge in Refineries, Pharmaceuticals, Drug Industry, Pigment industry & Textile industry.

Paramount Limited can design & manufacture skid mounted Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane systems of all capacity. We have provided systems with flow capacity up to 24,000 cubic meters per day for Industrial recycle & reuse. Also, Industrial wastewater, with COD & BOD as high as 50,000 ppm & 10,000 ppm respectively, have been treated by our Reverse Osmosis (RO) membrane system.

Ultrapure water is used in Pharmaceutical industry, Semiconductor industry, Power industry, Solar power generation, electronics, medical, research and dialysis applications to name a few.

Ultrapure water systems are used to reduce or eliminate dissolved and suspended solids, biological organisms, dissolved gasses and organic carbon. This is critical in complying with required standards for different commercial and industrial applications.

Ultrapure water treatment uses appropriate processes for removing organic compounds in water, dissolved and suspended solids, organic carbon, dissolved gasses and biological organisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, pyrogens).

Paramount Limited designs and integrates the various process steps depending on the ultra pure water requirements for the specific applications.

Paramount integrates the following processes depending on the raw water quality and the ultrapure water quality requirement based on the specific industry utility:

• Multigrade filtration for removal of suspended solids
• Membrane based filtration units (ultrafiltration/ microfiltration/ nanofiltration) for reduction of suspended solids, colloidal particles, and control of virus and bacteria
• Softeners for reduction of hardness
• Suitable chemical dosing arrangements to achieve disinfection of water, reduction of residual Chlorine, reduction of sparingly soluble salts etc
• Ultraviolet system for reduction of TOC
• Ultraviolet disinfection system
• Reverse Osmosis treatment
• Degassifiers
• Electro de-ionization as polishing system
• Mixed bed resin treatment

 

The salient features of Paramount integrated Ultrapure water treatment systems ensures,

• Reliability
• Clean operation
• Minimum possible effluent generation
• Minimization of chemical handling and use
• Excellent capacity of microbial reduction
• Continuous operation
• Ease of validation
• Compliance with FDA requirement

 

Paramount provides optimal and safe Ultra pure water storage and distribution system.

The prime necessity of Ultra pure storage & distribution system is to distribute the water to all user points in the plant without deterioration in the quality of Ultra pure water received from Generation system.

Following factors are considered in our design of Storage & Distribution system:

• Capacity of Ultra pure water generation system
• Peak load of the user points
• Return line minimum velocity required
• Elevation of the system and user points
• Pressure requirement at user points
• To maintain 1 Kg/Cm2 pressure in return line
• No. of User points
• Line size

 

The salient features of the Paramount design and supplied Ultrapure water Storage and distribution system are:

• High quality Tubes used for piping
• Carefully designed and sized Pumps for reliable and trouble free operation
• Storage tank is facilitated with Hot water sanitization jacketing
• Hydrophobic Vent Filter cartridge with heat traced vent filter housing
• Conductivity Transmitter is provided with dump valve
• No, or minimum possible dead legs
• Use of Zero Dead leg valves in place of Y loop with simple diaphragm valve
• Fully automated system PLC Panel with multi colour MMI for smooth operation and accurate record and with minimal or no human interference
• Multiple levels pass word (up to three levels) protection in all system settings provide a tamper proof setting
• All connections are Triclover end to avoid threaded connections